A espiritualidade não está presente apenas no indivíduo adulto. As crianças possuem experiências espontâneas e genuínas com o sagrado. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo conduzir uma revisão sistemática da literatura para acessar estudos sobre Espiritualidade Infantil. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento nas bases de dados: CAPES, SCIELO e ERIC no período de 2010 a 2020. Foram incluídos estudos que avaliaram alguma faceta da espiritualidade em crianças e adolescentes, publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol, no período entre 2010 e 2020. (...) Dos 380 artigos identificados, após exclusões iniciais, 80 foram classificados para leitura completa e 15 para análise qualitativa. Visualizou-se que ainda há poucos estudos sobre espiritualidade infantil, principalmente no Brasil, e a maioria dos estudos utilizou entrevistas para coleta de dados. (shrink)

In most western countries, there is a 'human organ shortage' with waiting lists for the performance of transplantation. In a recent report of the UNOS Ethics Committee it is stated that there are approximately 31,000 potential recipients on waiting lists, but only one fourth of potential donors give their specific consent. Xenotransplantation--defined as the transplantation of animal cells, tissues or organs into human beings--is associated with particular ethical dilemmas, namely the problems of efficiency and safety of this medical procedure. The (...) objective of this study is to analyse the ethical dilemmas in xenotransplantation with the background of a personal view of moral life. Also, xenotransplantation will be evaluated as far as the legal regulation of transplantation is concerned. In particular, we will consider patients rights in accordance with existing laws on organ and tissue transplantation, animal research and clinical trials. (shrink)

Introduction: All countries face the issue of choice in healthcare. Allocation of healthcare resources is clearly associated with the concept of distributive justice and to the existence of a right to healthcare. Nevertheless, there is still the question of whether this right should include all types of healthcare services or if it should be limited to selected types. It follows that choices must be made, priorities must be set and that efficiency of healthcare services should be maximum.

Autonomy has been recognised as a key principle in healthcare, but we still need to develop a consistent understanding of older people’s perceived autonomy in residential care. This study aimed to identify, describe and synthesise previous studies on the perceived autonomy of older people in residential care. Ethical approval was not required, as this was a review of published literature. We carried out an integrative review to synthesise previous knowledge published in peer-review journals in English up to September 2019. Electronic (...) and manual searches were conducted using the CINAHL, Philosopher’s Index, PubMed, SocINDEX, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The data were analysed using the constant comparison method. The review identified 46 studies. Perceived autonomy referred to the opportunities that older people had to make their own choices about their daily life in residential care, and achieving autonomy promoted both health and quality of life. Autonomy was linked to older people’s individual capacities, including their level of independence, physical and mental competence, personal characteristics, and whether relatives shared and supported their perceived autonomy. Professionals could facilitate or hinder older peoples’ autonomy in a number of ways, including providing opportunities for autonomy, how daily care needs and activities were managed, and controlling older people’s choices. Professionals’ characteristics, such as education and attitudes, and the older people’s living environments were also associated with their perceived autonomy and included organisational characteristics and physical and social care facilitators. Older people’s perceived autonomy promoted health and quality of life in residential care. However, their autonomy was associated with a number of protective and restrictive individual and environmental factors, which influenced whether autonomy was achieved. (shrink)

Background: Privacy has been recognized as a basic human right and a part of quality of care. However, little is known about the privacy of Somali asylum seekers in healthcare, even though they are one of the largest asylum seeker groups in the world. Objectives: The aim of the study was to describe the content and importance of privacy and its importance in healthcare from the perspective of Somali asylum seekers. Research design: The data of this explorative qualitative study were (...) collected by four focus group interviews with 18 Somali asylum seekers with the help of an interpreter. The data were analysed by inductive content analysis. Ethical considerations: Research permissions were obtained from the director of the reception centre and from the Department of Social Services. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Turku University. Findings: The content of privacy includes visual privacy, physical privacy and informational privacy. All contents can be shared with healthcare professionals. The importance of privacy includes respect, dignity and freedom. Discussion: Privacy is strongly connected to the collectivism of Somali culture and religion. Unlike the Western cultures, privacy is not important only for the individual; most of all, it is seen to support collectivism. Conclusion: Even though all contents of privacy can be shared with healthcare professionals, it is important to recognize the cultural aspect of privacy especially when using interpreters with Somali background. (shrink)

BackgroundRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) are often complex and expensive to perform. Less than one third achieve planned recruitment targets, follow-up can be labor-intensive, and many have limited real-world generalizability. Designs for RCTs conducted using cohorts and routinely collected health data, including registries, electronic health records, and administrative databases, have been proposed to address these challenges and are being rapidly adopted. These designs, however, are relatively recent innovations, and published RCT reports often do not describe important aspects of their methodology in (...) a standardized way. Our objective is to extend the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement with a consensus-driven reporting guideline for RCTs using cohorts and routinely collected health data.MethodsThe development of this CONSORT extension will consist of five phases. Phase 1 (completed) consisted of the project launch, including fundraising, the establishment of a research team, and development of a conceptual framework. In phase 2, a systematic review will be performed to identify publications (1) that describe methods or reporting considerations for RCTs conducted using cohorts and routinely collected health data or (2) that are protocols or report results from such RCTs. An initial “long list” of possible modifications to CONSORT checklist items and possible new items for the reporting guideline will be generated based on the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) and The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statements. Additional possible modifications and new items will be identified based on the results of the systematic review. Phase 3 will consist of a three-round Delphi exercise with methods and content experts to evaluate the “long list” and generate a “short list” of key items. In phase 4, these items will serve as the basis for an in-person consensus meeting to finalize a core set of items to be included in the reporting guideline and checklist. Phase 5 will involve drafting the checklist and elaboration-explanation documents, and dissemination and implementation of the guideline.DiscussionDevelopment of this CONSORT extension will contribute to more transparent reporting of RCTs conducted using cohorts and routinely collected health data. (shrink)

RESUMO Em diversas obras do Círculo (Bakhtin, Volóchinov, Medviédev), a referência a Saussure e/ou às especificidades da Linguística, enquanto ciência da língua, pode ser encontrada em diálogo, mais ou menos polêmico, entre pensadores e tendências epistemológicas, teóricas e metodológicas que propõem diferentes abordagens para a complexidade representada pela linguagem humana e, consequentemente, para seu estudo. Neste artigo, o objetivo é circunscrever e discutir a presença da Linguística, enquanto ciência da língua instaurada por Saussure, nos escritos de Mikhail Bakhtin. Após uma (...) introdução, o texto se organiza em três seções, que tratam (1) de uma forte presença de Saussure nos escritos do Círculo; (2) do diálogo de Bakhtin com a ciência na unidade da cultura; (3) do diálogo com a ciência linguística da escola de Genebra em “O problema do conteúdo, do material e da forma”; e, finalmente, de considerações inconclusas, mas necessárias. Destacam-se importantes momentos-chave de reflexão em textos assinados por Bakhtin, em que Saussure (ainda que não nomeado, mas designado pela ciência por ele estabelecida) merece destaque, como contraponto científico-filosófico necessário para a constituição de outra possibilidade de compreensão e estudo da linguagem: a perspectiva dialógica. Como resultado, espera-se demonstrar que, desde os anos 1920, o diálogo Bakhtin/Saussure se estabelece, para distinguir e qualificar duas formas complementares de compreensão da linguagem e do lugar da ciência na unidade da cultura. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver reflexão sobre a problemática gerada com a pandemia do Covid-19, sua relação com ensino tecnológico enquanto um direito humano, assim como os limites e contradições. Revelam-se algumas situações que comprometem o acesso à educação de qualidade como um direito de todos, tais como: dificuldades de domínio do professor para com a ferramenta Teams; questões ideológicas, falta de flexibilidade como verdade absoluta e dificuldade de acesso do aluno ao sistema on-line. Isso pode comprometer a (...) garantia da educação como direito humano, em tempos de pandemia: Covid-19. (shrink)

The formative experiences carried out throughout the Franciscan Itinerary reveal that reflection on Franciscan Pedagogy and the respective role of educators in Franciscan institutions must be constant and in dialogue with practice, aiming for actions that characterize education based on principles, values, and attitudes. Therefore, it is necessary to know and delve into the life of Saint Francis of Assisi beyond the knowledge of Franciscan humanism, so that its values are intertwined with personal values, becoming foundations for pedagogical practice.

The COVID-19 crisis has generated a severe and negative psychological impact worldwide. Despite this, it is also possible to experience post-traumatic growth. This study aimed to longitudinally explore the prevalence of PTG in the Spanish population and test a predictive model for PTG from resilience, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and participation in social activities. Data were collected longitudinally in March, July, and November 2020 via an online survey. About 20% of the sample showed moderate-high levels of PTG, with no significant differences (...) over time. The predictive model explained 19% of the variance in PTG, showing that the inverse relation between resilience and PTG was mediated by PTSS. Additionally, participation in social activities acted as a predictor of PTG. Women, young people, those who had lost their job and people who had experienced COVID-19 symptoms or the loss of a loved one presented higher PTG. Thus, people have experienced positive changes, but these did not protect them from adverse symptomatology. (shrink)

This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics (...) and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation. (shrink)

Pensando no instigante sucesso do desenho animado "A Bela e a Fera", da Walt Disney, que teve grande repercussão mundial na época em que fora exibido, este artigo propõe-se a compreender o desenvolvimento psicológico da personagem Bela. Para tanto, algumas cenas do filme foram escolhidas para anális..

O artigo apresenta fundamentos para o projeto LATINARTE "Arte Moderna brasileira/catarinense no contexto cultural da América Latina: produção de conteúdo virtual instrucional." O estudo objetiva mapear os principais cruzamentos materiais e conceituais entre Arte Moderna brasileira catarinense e Arte Moderna na América Latina, com vistas a produção de série audiovisual didática que apoie práticas de ensino. A delimitação geográfica da pesquisa abrange a região sul da América Latina, decorre da proximidade territorial com o Brasil, mais especificamente o estado de Santa (...) Catarina; já a consideração da região norte, deriva do fato de que o México, único país da América do Norte que integra a América Latina, possui destacada produção de arte moderna evidenciando cruzamentos com produções do Modernismo Brasileiro. A investigação está classificada na área de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas de natureza aplicada. O artigo apresenta o arcabouço teórico da pesquisa, no tocante a definição de América Latina e seu movimento de arte moderna; ainda, discorre acerca da primeira etapa de aplicação da pesquisa prática, junto a países sul-americanos, focalizando aspectos socioculturais definidores dos aspectos estético-formais de sua arte modernista, num recorte entre 1920 e 1950. (shrink)

This book addresses the challenges of living together after empire in many post-colonial cities. It is organized in two sections. The first section focuses on efforts by people of multiple faiths to live together within their contexts, including such efforts within a neighborhood in urban Manchester; the array of attempts at creating multi-faith spaces for worship across the globe; and initiatives to commemorate divisive conflict together in Northern Ireland. The second section utilizes particular postcolonial methods to illuminate pressing issues within (...) specific contexts—including women’s leadership in an indigenous denomination in the variegated African landscape, and baptism and discipleship among Dalit communities in India. In the context of growing multiculturalism in the West, this volume offers a postcolonial theological resource, challenging the epistemologies in the Western academy. (shrink)

Texto que compõe o Dossiê em homenagem aos professores do curso de Filosofia da UFPI.

The European Commission has recently proposed the introduction of legally binding quotas for women on corporate boards of European companies. This proposal has put the spotlight on the question of whether increasing female representation on the board brings economic benefits to the firm. In order to shed light on the issue, this study investigates the direct and indirect effects of women on the board on firm value. We use a simultaneous equation model to estimate the effects of women on the (...) board on firm value, financial performance, and compliance with ethical and social principles adopted by the firm. We find no evidence that a higher female representation on the board directly affects firm’s value. However, we find indirect effects. Women on the board are positively related with financial performance (measured in terms of return on assets and return on sales) and with ethical and social compliance, which in turn are positively related with firm value. The findings in this study suggest that greater female representation on corporate boards of large European firms can increase firm value indirectly. Further, part of the indirect effect comes from stronger compliance with ethical principles, something that is not captured by accounting-based financial performance. (shrink)

A partir do pensamento político e filosófico de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, o artigo tem como objetivo descrever os elementos mais essenciais da justiça divina, tais como os seus princípios fundamentais, as suas leis e os seus desígnios. Isto é feito por meio de uma análise sistemática e pormenorizada da metafísica do filósofo genebrino. As referências centrais são os textos da Profissão de Fé do Vigário Saboiano, no Emílio ou da educação, bem como os Escritos sobre a religião e a moral. O (...) estudo conclui que o conceito de justiça divina em Rousseau representa um caminho para a compreensão da moralidade humana. (shrink)

Uma boa parte dos textos que versam acerca da beleza em Agostinho tem, como pano de fundo os ataques à beleza do mundo desenvolvido pelos maniqueus. Assim, o pensador objetivando defender a tese de um cosmos belo, procura construir uma definição de beleza sensível deveras ampla, que possa abarcar criaturas aparentemente despidas de beleza segundo a ótica humana. No presente artigo, estudaremos a categoria do belo da congruentia partium, que nosso filósofo desenvolve em uma definição da beleza sensível, expostas em (...) dois textos, notadamente a Epístola III e no Sobre a Cidade de Deus. Nos mencionados textos, o pensador parte da estrutura da definição de beleza enquanto simetria apresentada pelo filósofo Cícero em sua obra Tusculanae Disputationes, todavia, utiliza-a para teorizar um conceito de congruentia partium, conceito esse bem mais amplo que a simetria, e, portanto, mais útil ao debate que ele enfrentava. (shrink)

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a figura de Rosa Luxemburgo como exemplo de ascensão das mulheres ao espaço público tal qual descrito por Hannah Arendt, e refletir sobre os motivos que permitiram seu negligenciamento histórico. Tendo em vista que apesar de ter tido grandes contribuições teóricas e práticas e ter ascendido ao espaço público, ainda assim Rosa Luxemburgo fora negligenciada, estereotipada por meio da figura ora sanguinária, ora romantizada, e por esses motivos Arendt acredita que a política alemã não (...) obteve o reconhecimento devido que mereceria nem em vida e nem em morte. Para tanto, utilizaremos a distinção entre espaço público e espaço privado de Arendt, presente na obra _A condição humana,_ bem como seu ensaio intitulado “Rosa Luxemburgo: 1871-1919”, presente na obra _Homens em tempos sombrios_ _ _e a obra _Rosa Luxemburgo ou o Preço da Liberdade_ de Jörn Schütrumpf_. _Por fim, corroboramos com Hannah Arendt e trazemos também Jörn Schütrumpf para reafirmar que apesar de ter ocorrido uma pequena mudança em sua reputação, e algumas pessoas até saberem o nome de Rosa Luxemburgo, diante de sua grande contribuição teórica e prática seu reconhecimento acadêmico e político ainda é insuficiente, e acreditamos ainda ser possível um reconhecimento ainda que tardio da importância da figura de Rosa Luxemburgo para o pensamento teórico/filosófico político contemporâneo. (shrink)

This paper presents a way of classifying different forms of naturalness and unnaturalness. Three main forms of (un)naturalness are found as the following: history- based (un)naturalness, property-based (un)naturalness and relation-based (un)naturalness. Numerous subforms (and some subforms of the subforms) of each are presented. The subforms differ with respect to the entities that are found (un)natural, with respect to their all-inclusiveness, and whether (un)naturalness is seen as all-or-nothing affair, or a continuous gradient. This kind of conceptual analysis is needed, first, because (...) discussion concerning (un)naturalness is common in current bioethics and environmental ethics, and second, because the terms natural and unnatural are highly ambiguous. Thus, the lack of an exact definition of the type of (un)naturalness may lead into equivocation, other forms of bad argumentation, or at least vagueness. (shrink)

Decision-making capacity (DMC) is the gatekeeping element for a patient’s right to self-determination with regard to medical decisions. A DMC evaluation is not only conducted on descriptive grounds but is an inherently normative task including ethical reasoning. Therefore, it is dependent to a considerable extent on the values held by the clinicians involved in the DMC evaluation. Dealing with the question of how to reasonably support clinicians in arriving at a DMC judgment, a new tool is presented that fundamentally differs (...) from existing ones: the U-Doc. By putting greater emphasis on the judgmental process rather than on the measurement of mental abilities, the clinician as a decision-maker is brought into focus, rendering the tool more of an evaluation guide than a test instrument. In a qualitative study, the perceived benefits of and difficulties with the tool have been explored. The findings show on the one hand that the evaluation aid provides basic orientation, supports a holistic perspective on the patient, sensitizes for ethical considerations and personal biases, and helps to think through the decision, to argue, and to justify one’s judgment. On the other hand, the room for interpretation due to absent operationalisations, related ambiguities, and the confrontation with one’s own subjectivity may be experienced as unsettling. (shrink)

Este artigo discute alguns aspectos historiográficos acerca da importância dos artistas, como foco para a construção da narrativa sobre arte no tempo. Nas origens da historiografia da arte, com Giorgio Vasari, as biografias de artistas constituíram o fio condutor do texto. Porém, já se considerava o artista como parte de um sistema do qual faziam parte o ateliê, os mecenas, personagens e contextos sociais que transcendiam à individualidade do artista criador. O texto vasariano foi um modelo a ser seguido e (...) um esquema a ser superado durante os séculos XVII e XVIII, observando os escritos de Bellori ou de Luigi Lanzi. As biografias de artistas foram sendo, portanto, adaptadas aos conceitos de estilo, escola e gênero. A criação do gênero monográfico no final do século XIX, por Carl Justi, permitiu a biografia de um único artista, em lugar do conjunto de vidas. Se, contudo, no início do século XX, pareceu possível construir uma história da arte que ofuscasse o papel do artista, em nome da obra de arte entendida como um objeto em sua pura visibilidade, por autores como Wölfflin; iniciou-se, em contrapartida, uma reconstrução historiográfica na qual o artista voltava a ocupar um papel central na narrativa, porém agora como parte de uma categoria social, em obras como as de Wackernagel, Baxandall ou Warnke.Palavras-chave: Historiografia da arte. História social da arte. Artista. Biografia. (shrink)

The present article intends at shedding some light on how Voltaire's Candide enacts its criticism of the Leibnizian system. In order to do that, we shall follow different paths. Firstly, we will consider a brief history of the problem of evil, especially the Bayle and Leibniz debate on it. Secondly, we shall briefly refer to Voltaire's metaphysics of evil. The almost forty years he dedicated to the question are not monotonous, they are constituted of variations, approximations and criticisms on both (...) Alexander Pope and Leibniz. Thirdly, we shall consider some examples of caricatures of Leibniz's philosophy in Candide in order to show that they bear real criticism on the philosophical optimism. (shrink)

From a statistician's viewpoint, the concepts discussed by Chow relating to “statistical” significance bear little resemblance to the concept developed in statistics. Whether or not “statistical significance” has a place in psychological research is a decision for psychologists, not statisticians, to make, but the decision should be based on a less flawed version of what is being considered.

Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar uma proposta de solução do problema da identidade pessoal ao longo do tempo. Tal proposta consiste no conjunto de concepções que sugerem a continuidade como critério de reidentificação das pessoas. Apresentaremos a concepção de continuidade psicológica e, em seguida, avaliaremos seus alcances e limites no que se refere ao problema da identidade pessoal. Discutiremos também a noção de unidade que se pode extrair dos critérios de continuidade, bem como a possibilidade de se conceber (...) a permanência da identidade pessoal por referência a essa noção de unidade. Por fim, apresentaremos algumas sugestões para dar prosseguimento à investigação do problema da identidade pessoal. (shrink)

O presente artigo visa analisar a atuação da União dos Estudantes Secundaristas do Amapá, durante a ditadura civil-militar no Brasil, em específico, como se deu a deliberação de apoio da entidade ao golpe. Para tanto, foi necessário analisar as peculiaridades da recepção do regime autoritário no então Território Federal do Amapá, o Movimento Estudantil de forma ampla, os aspectos constitutivos da União dos Estudantes Secundaristas do Amapá, suas divisões e seu desenvolvimento diante do golpe. O objetivo com isso, foi traçar (...) as correspondências existentes entre esses aspectos e as ações de apoio que se sucederam em nome da entidade. O artigo baseou-se em fontes bibliográficas sobre o tema e em depoimentos cedidos pela Comissão Estadual da Verdade do Amapá, disponibilizados durante a construção do relatório publicado no ano de 2017. Dentre os resultados, foi possível visualizar que a atuação da União dos Estudantes Secundaristas do Amapá foi bem mais do que um apoio ao regime militar, mas fora heterogênea, e teve sua trajetória ligada a características do território, ao poder, ao regionalismo, às classes e muitos outros aspectos que influenciaram a tomada de decisões de grupos dentro da entidade. This article aims to analyze the performance of the Amapá Union of Secondary Students during the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil, specifically, how the deliberation of support of the entity to the coup took place. For that, it was necessary to analyze the peculiarities of the reception of the authoritarian regime in the then Federal Territory of Amapá, the Student Movement in a broad way, the constitutive aspects of the Amapá Union of Secondary Students, its divisions and its development in the face of the coup. The objective was to trace the correspondence between these aspects and the support actions that followed on behalf of the entity. The article was based on bibliographic sources on the subject and on testimonials provided by the Amapá State Truth Commission, which were made available during the construction of the report published in 2017. Among the results, it was possible to visualize that Amapá Union of Secondary Students performance was much more than a support to the military regime, but it had been heterogeneous and had its trajectory linked to characteristics of the territory, power, regionalism, classes and many other aspects that influenced the decision making of groups within the entity. (shrink)

The phenomenological effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the self of the patient remains poorly understood and under described in the literature, despite growing evidence that a significant number of patients experience postoperative neuropsychiatric changes. To address this lack of phenomenological evidence, we conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with 17 patients with Parkinson's disease who had undergone DBS. Exploring the subjective character specific to patients' experience of being implanted gives empirical and conceptual understanding of the potential phenomenon of DBS-induced self-estrangement. (...) Our study concluded that (1) the more patients preoperatively felt alienated by their illness, the more they experienced postoperative self-estrangement, and (2) the notion of self-estrangement seems to exist in association with certain common qualitative characters, namely, loss of control, which reflects a deteriorative estrangement, and distorted perception of capacities, which reveals a restorative estrangement. These findings indicate that subjective self-reports help us to understand some aspects of the potential phenomenon of DBS-induced self-estrangement. (shrink)

Volume 20, Issue 4, May 2020, Page 94-97.